Review and Assessment Earths Structure and Materials Answer Key

Affiliate 11 Answer Key

Study Guide

Summary Answers

1. Answers will vary, but should include ane main idea from each Reading (two) or the summary.
2. The word "calibration" tin can hateful (a) the tool used to measure your weight in pounds; (b) the small overlapping thin plates that cover the skin of a fish (c) the identify on a model that states how much, in units, the model has been increased or decreased when compared to the original.
3. (a) and (b) Students should have a labeled diagram of Earth's layers. From the surface they include: crust, upper mantle, aesthenosphere, lower drapery, outer core, inner cadre. (c) The lithosphere consists of the crust and upper mantle.

Guided Reading

xi.1 Studying Globe's Interior

1. seismic waves
2. earthquakes
3. seismologist
4. models

11.ii Modeling Earth'due south Structure

5. mantle
6. asthenosphere
7. core

11.3 The Physics of World'southward Layers

8. dust
9. buoyancy
10. fe

Let's Review

1. a
2. a

Check Your Understanding

Reading xi.1

1. Earth's radius is 6,400 kilometers or 3,977 miles.
2. Answers are:
1. Vibrations that travel through Earth are called seismic waves.
2. Seismic waves are caused by earthquakes and human-made blasts.
3. These vibrations accept revealed that the outer core of Earth must be liquid.
3. A seismologist is a scientist who detects and interprets these seismic waves at dissimilar locations on Earth's surface.
4. A disturbance moves from ane place to another during moving ridge motion.
5. Master (P-) and secondary (S-) waves are the ii almost important waves for studying about the interior of Earth. Facts most P-waves: (i) they travel faster than S, (2) have forward-and-backward move, and (iii) travel through all materials. Facts about South-waves: (i) they travel slower than P-waves, (two) have side-to-side move, and (3) they cannot travel through liquids.
6. Answers are:
1. 30 km/five km per due south = vi seconds
2. 30 km/iii km per due south = 10 seconds
7. Seismic waves can exist bent, slowed downwards, sped up, or bounced depending on the fabric they meet.
8. The indirect prove that proves that Earth'due south outer core is a liquid is that S-waves cannot travel through this office of the core, but P-waves do. Scientists cannot become to Earth'south outer core, but by detecting seismic waves and by understanding how they can be afflicted by different materials allows for this conclusion.
9. Sample reply: Travel to World's core is not (currently) possible because it is too deep for modern science to achieve. Scientists have simply been able to drill a fraction of the way to Earth's core.

Reading 11.2

1. The three layers are the crust, mantle, and core.
2. Answers are:
1. The crust
2. In the detailed view, the core is composed of the inner core and outer core.
3. The lithosphere
4. The lower mantle
3. Continental chaff is thicker.
4. The asthenosphere is made up of the lower mantle and is the glace surface atop which the tectonic plates motion.
5. lithosphere
6. The rock in the lower mantle is very hot and flows slowly
7. The outer cadre is fabricated of molten iron, and information technology is liquid. This is due to the high temperature at the depth of the outer core.
8. The inner core is made of solid iron. This is due to the high pressure level (even though the temperature is very high in the inner core).
9. Every bit you get deeper toward Earth'due south core, temperature and pressure increases.
10. In the outer core, electrical currents move creating a magnetic field that surrounds the Earth. This magnetic field is important because it protects us from particles that stream at usa from the Sunday (harmful solar radiations).

Reading xi.3

1. The young Earth separated into layers equally a result of differences in density. Heavier materials sank and formed the cadre and lighter materials rose to the surface, cooled and hardened into the crust.
2. Answers are:

1. See diagram on right.
2. See diagram on correct.
3. Water floats on World's surface considering its density of 1.0 g/cm 3 is less than that for the materials that make up World'due south interior like aluminum (two.7 g/cm 3 ), silicon (ii.iii one thousand/cm 3 ) , and iron (7.ix g/cm 3 ).
4. The density of the mantle would demand to be more than than the density of the crust and less than the density of the core. The crust floats on the mantle and the mantle floats on the dumbo, iron-rich cadre.
5. Basalt
6. Granite and andesite
7. A rocky continent floats on the mantle like a boat floats in water. This is considering the materials that make up the continent are less dense than the materials that make upward the drape. The pall provides buoyant force that supports the continent. And merely like a boat carrying heavy materials that floats lower in the water, a continent with a mountain will float lower in the mantle because it requires more buoyant force to support information technology.
8. Mountains crusade the crust to float lower in the mantle. As the mountains erode, they go lighter and the crust begins to bladder higher in the mantle. This is because the crust requires less buoyant forcefulness from the mantle for back up. A major eruption (like the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens) that ejects substantial amounts of the mountain's mass out into the temper could besides lighten the load, allowing the chaff to float higher on the mantle.
9. Like a mount, a glacier weighs down the chaff causing it to float lower in the mantle because it needs more buoyant strength from the mantle for support. If the glacier begins to melt, then the crust will float higher.
10. Computer models are needed to report mantle convection because scientists cannot "meet" what is happening. Only, they can use indirect evidence to create models of what might be happening. The model then produces possible events or results. These events and results tin and then be used to detect evidence for similar events and results really happening inside Earth. Also, mantle convection involves many variables. Estimator models make it much easier to see how many variables interact at once.

Solve It p. 260

p. 260 -

1. Thickness of the lithosphere = xv km + 410 km = 425 km x 0.62 miles/1 km = 264 miles; this is the altitude between Austin, Texas, and Hamlin, Texas.
2. Distance from the surface of World to the outer core = 2,900 km x 0.62 miles/one km = 1,798 miles; this is a little more than the altitude of driving dorsum and forth (e to due west) across Texas (790 miles each manner).
3. Distance from the surface of World to its middle = 6,400 km 10 0.62 miles/ane km = 3968 miles; this is the distance between Cortland, Ohio, and Anchorage, Alaska.
   Teacher'southward notation: You tin can figure out the distance between cities by going to www.distancebetweencities.net or figure out which cities have a particular distance between them by simply adding the mileage into a search engine. Information from www.distancebetweencities.cyberspace pops upwardly.

Connection - Drilling to Earth'southward Core

1. The IODP is the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program and its goal is to drill down to Earth'south curtain in order to improve understand how the pall works.
2. The IODP has succeeded in reaching the lower crust simply they have not all the same reached the mantle. It is difficult to reach the mantle because even the thinner oceanic crust is about 3 miles deep and it takes a long time to come close to drilling a small part of this altitude.
3. The Moho is the boundary betwixt Earth'due south brittle crust and the mantle. This is what scientists are trying to reach when drilling into Globe's crust.
4. The mantle.
5. Ii earthquakes that happened at virtually the exact same spot on the planet'southward surface sent shock waves that traveled through the core at unlike rates of speed. If the core was moving at the same speed equally the surface, the time it took seismic waves to laissez passer through it from a specific point on the surface would be the same.

Chapter Activeness - Become a Scientific discipline Fiction Writer

Sample educatee answers:

1. The elements of a good story include the setting, characters, the plot, symbols and themes, how the story is told (the point of view), and compelling conflicts in the story.
2. A scientific discipline fiction story needs the elements of a practiced story, simply information technology also needs to be different from the current state of existent life (for example, the story tin can include aliens).
3. My favorite science fiction volume is the first book of a series: Michael Vey: The Prisoner of Jail cell 25 by Richard Paul Evans. I like the fact that the kids in the volume are able to conduct current with their bodies, and they have to apply artistic thinking to keep a group with bad intentions from trying to steal their special powers to rule the world.
4. Aye, I do. I believe people will always exist interested in explorations of what may lie just around the corner for us, or what might occur in the distant future or by.
5. Yep, absolutely. Much scientific discipline fiction is written to provide perspective on the present and the issues that face up humanity.

Affiliate xi Review

Vocabulary

Reading xi.i

1. S-waves
2. P-waves
3. disturbance
4. seismologist

Reading 11.2

5. asthenosphere
6. crust
7. drape
8. lithosphere
9. cadre

Reading 11.iii

10. basalt
11. andesite; granite

Concepts

Reading 11.1

1. Jules Verne was a science fiction writer.
2. Scientists can "see" Earth'south interior by studying seismic waves.
3. P-waves (frontwards and backward motion) travel faster.
4. Answers are:
1. P-wave
2. S-wave
3. P-wave
4. Due south-wave
5. S-wave
6. P-wave

Reading xi.two

5. World's crust is thinner, more than breakable, and less dense than the curtain. Besides, convection does not occur in the crust as it does in the drapery.
6. aesthenosphere
7. Earth's magnetic field is created past powerful electric currents formed by the motility of liquid iron in Earth's outer cadre. Earth's magnetic field protects the planet from harmful radiation from the Lord's day.
8. The pressure level at the inner cadre is so enormous that it stays solid iron. Melting of a solid is pressure and temperature dependent.

Reading 11.iii

9. The densest layer is the cadre; it is made of iron which has a density of 7.9 g/cm3. The least dense layer is the crust which is a mixture of aluminum (2.7 grand/cmiii) and silicon (two.3 g/cm3).
10. The continental crust is thicker at about 30 km and made mostly of andesite and granite. The oceanic crust is thinner at virtually five km and made by and large of basalt. The oceanic crust is denser than the continental crust.
11. If Globe'south mantle did not have convection, then the lithospheric plates would be stationary over time. This would hateful there would be fewer or no mountains, but it would too hateful no earthquakes and possibly no volcanoes!
12. b
13. a

Math and Writing Skills

Reading xi.1

1. P-waves would attain the seismic station in 9 seconds (45 kilometers/five km per second = 9 seconds). S-waves would reach the seismic station in 15 seconds (45 kilometers/ iii km per second = 15 seconds).

Reading 11.2

2. Student answers will vary.

Reading 11.three

3. Answers:
1. The density of water is i.0 g/cm 3 . Therefore, water will e'er "float" on top of oceanic crust and continental crust. This is why Earth's surface is mostly covered (about 70%) with ocean water and why Earth'southward surface has lakes and rivers.
2. Denser oceanic crust sinks lower in Earth's mantle and is covered past bounding main water. In comparison, continental chaff is less dense and floats higher in the mantle. Mountains and other high country features aren't under water because the crust beneath these features is really displacing enough of the mantle to support it and make it float college. Water does float on height of continental crust merely flows to lower regions (i.east., valleys) due to gravity.

Test Exercise

1. b
2. c
3. c

Affiliate Projection— Modeling the Move of a Tectonic Plate

1. Teacher notes: Students may copy the model mentioned in the text; withal, this model is lacking in that the superlative slice of bread does not model the fact that the lithosphere includes the crust and the upper mantle. Encourage students to create a model that does represent these features of the lithosphere.
2. Educatee answers will vary.
3. Sketches will vary.
4. Sample answers to questions:
1. I used 2 slices of different bread—one slice of white staff of life to correspond the chaff and i slice of wheat bread to represent the drapery.
2. I used another slice of wheat bread to correspond the lower mantle.
3. I used a thick layer of honey to represent the asthenosphere. This layer was between the "lithosphere" (two slices of bread) and the "lower mantle" (ane slice of bread).
4. The strengths of my model are that all the parts listed in the instructions are represented, and I can testify that the plate fabricated of the lithosphere can slide over the lower mantle because of the nature of the asthenosphere.
5. The weaknesses of my model are that the density and consistency of the slices of bread and dear don't model the density and consistency of the lithosphere and lower mantle. For example, the bread slice representing the crust should be breakable. And, the lower curtain staff of life slice should be denser than the slices used for the lithosphere.

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